Atenção Profissional a Familiares de Dependentes de Álcool no CAPs AD / Professional Care for Family Members of Alcohol Dependents in the CAPs AD / Atención Profesional a Familiares de Dependientes de Alcohol en el CAPs AD

Familiares de dependentes de álcool vivem intenso sofrimento emocional que os vulnerabiliza a ponto de necessitarem cuidado profissional. No Brasil, o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPs AD) é o serviço público de referência no atendimento psicossocial a usuários de álcool e outras drogas. A partir da constatação da inexistência de artigos científicos sobre intervenções com familiares dos dependentes de álcool no CAPs AD, dada a profusão de trabalhos que tratam do dependente ou das políticas públicas que fundamentam o serviço, elaboramos três hipóteses sobre essa lacuna. A primeira propõe que na base dessa ausência de modalidades terapêuticas específicas esteja a concepção de que o cuidado aos familiares no CAPs AD é o mesmo e independe das peculiaridades de cada substância psicoativa. A segunda hipótese parte do fato de que a constante ameaça de aniquilamento dos próprios CAPs AD e a consequente luta para sua sobrevivência comprometeria pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de intervenções cada vez mais especializadas. E, finalmente, a hipótese de que a maior demanda de atendimento de usuários de mais de uma substância desarticularia a proposição de intervenções com familiares de dependentes de álcool. Esperamos que este estudo contribua para a elaboração de intervenções mais afinadas às necessidades desse público.

Family members of alcohol dependents live intense emotional suffering that makes them vulnerable to the point of needing professional care. In Brazil, the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) is the public service of reference in psychosocial care for users of alcohol and other drugs. Based upon the lack of studies on interventions for family members of alcohol dependents in the CAPSad, contrasting with the profusion of works that deal with the dependent or the public policies that support the service, we elaborated three hypotheses about this gap. The first one proposes that at the center of this abscense of specific therapeutic modalities there is the idea that care for family members in the CAPSad is the same and does not depend on the peculiarities of each psychoactive substance. The second hypothesis derives from the fact that the constant threat of annihilation of the CAPSad themselves and the struggle for their survival would compromise the development of increasingly specialized interventions. At last, the hypothesis that the greater demand for assistance from multiple substance users would dismantle the proposal of interventions with family members of alcohol dependents. We expect that this study will contribute to the development of interventions in accord with the needs of this audience.

Familiares de dependientes de alcohol viven intenso sufrimiento emocional que los vulnera hasta que necesiten cuidado profesional. En Brasil, el Centro de Atención Psicosocial Alcohol y Drogas (CAPs AD) es el servicio público referencial a la atención psicosocial a usuarios de alcohol y drogas. Desde la constatación de la inexistencia de ensayos sobre intervenciones con familiares de dependientes de alcohol en CAPs AD, dada la profusión de trabajos que tratan del dependiente o de las políticas públicas que fundamentan el servicio, se elaboró tres hipótesis sobre esa brecha. La primera propone que en la base de esa ausencia de modalidades terapéuticas específicas esté una concepción de que el cuidado a los familiares en CAPs AD es lo mismo y no depende de las peculiaridades de cada material psicoactivo. La segunda hipótesis parte del hecho de que la constante amenaza de aniquilación de los CAPs AD y consecuente lucha para su sobrevivencia comprometería investigaciones al desarrollo de intervenciones todavía más especializadas. Finalmente, la hipótesis de que la mayor demanda de atención a usuarios de más de una sustancia desestructuraría la proposición de intervenciones con familiares de dependientes de alcohol. Se espera que este estudio contribuya a la elaboración de intervenciones específicas a las necesidades de ese público.

Validação do protocolo de terapia familiar aplicado à saúde mental (PTF-SM1) / Validation of the family therapy protocol applied to mental health (PTF-SM1) / Validación del protocolo de terapia familiar aplicado a la salud mental (PTF-SM1)

Objetivo: validar o conteúdo do PTF-SM1 por profissionais de saúde mental com experiência em terapia familiar. Método: estudo metodológico, descritivo e com abordagem quantitativa, que ocorreu de julho a agosto de 2019, com a participação de profissionais de saúde mental com experiência em terapia familiar. Verificou-se o grau de concordância entre os avaliadores pelo percentual de concordância (PC) e o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Resultados: obteve-se PC igual a 100,00% e IVC igual a 1,0, na avaliação do conteúdo e aparência do instrumento (PTF-SM1 e seu manual), quanto à representatividade, viabilidade, gramática, clareza, coerência, atualização, legibilidade, redação compatível aos profissionais, ao tamanho dos títulos e tópicos adequados, e operatividade para utilização nos serviços de saúde. Conclusão: o conteúdo do PTF-SM1 demonstrou-se adequado, conforme apontamentos dos avaliadores, tendo na versão final características de um instrumento possível de ser usado na prática clínica pelos profissionais de saúde mental.

Objective: to validate the content of the PTF-SM1 by mental health professionals with experience in family therapy. Method: methodological, quantitative, descriptive study carried out from July to August 2019, with the participation of mental health professionals with experience in family therapy. The degree of agreement between the evaluators was determined using the percentage of agreement (PC) and the Content Validity Index (CVI). Results: PC equal to 100.00% and CVI equal to 1.0 were obtained, in the evaluation of the content and appearance of the instrument (PTF-SM1 and its manual), regarding representativeness, feasibility, grammar, clarity, coherence, updating, readability, writing compatible with professionals, size of titles and appropriate topics, and operability for use in health services. Conclusion: the content of the PTF-SM1 proved to be adequate, according to the evaluators' scores, with the final version having characteristics of an instrument that can be used in clinical practice by mental health professionals.

Family intervention in the initial adaptation of adoptive families: systematic review / Intervenção familiar na adaptação Inicial das famílias adotivas: revisão sistemática / Intervención familiar en la adaptación Inicial de las familias Adoptivas: revisión sistemática

Considering the importance of mapping family interventions practices aimed specifically to adoption, this study sought to identify through a systematic review, how family intervention models for adoptive families are structured in initial adaptation with children from 0 to 6 years old. Four databases were consulted, which led to 9.143 results: Google Scholar (n=8.056), Science Direct (n=814), SciELO (n=43) and PsycINFO (n=230). Seven articles considered pertinent to the proposal of this study were included. As a result, it was identified that most part of the interventions were not systematically described. Although promising results were indicated, replication would not be viable due to the lack of detailing of the performed practices. There was no hegemony in the choice of intervention models. Also, it was indicated that the specificity for adoption in the interventions analyzed is not clear. (AU)

Pensando na importância do mapeamento da prática de intervenção familiar voltada especificamente para a adoção, o presente estudo buscou identificar, por meio da revisão sistemática, como estão estruturados e aplicados os modelos de intervenção familiar para as famílias adotivas na adaptação inicial com as crianças de 0 a 6 anos. Para tanto, foram consultadas quatro bases de dados que levaram a 9.143 resultados: Google Scholar (n=8.056), Science Direct (n=814), SciELO (n=43), PsycINFO (n=230). Sete artigos foram considerados pertinentes à proposta deste estudo. Como resultado, identificou-se que as intervenções não estavam, em sua maioria, sistematicamente descritas. Apesar de resultados promissores serem indicados, a replicação não seria viável pela falta de detalhamentos das práticas realizadas. Ressalta-se que não houve homogeneidade na escolha dos modelos de intervenção. Por fim, destaca-se que não fica clara a especificidade voltada para adoção nas intervenções analisadas. (AU)

Pensando en la importancia de mapear la práctica de intervención familiar orientada específicamente a la adopción, el presente estudio buscó identificar, a través de una revisión sistemática, cómo se estructuran y aplican los modelos de intervención familiar para familias adoptivas en la adaptación inicial con niños de 0 a 6 años. Para ello, se consultaron cuatro bases de datos que arrojaron 9.143 resultados: Google Scholar (n=8.056), Science Direct (n=814), SciELO (n=43), PsycINFO (n=230). Siete artículos se consideraron relevantes para el propósito de este estudio. En su mayor parte, las intervenciones no se describían sistemáticamente. A pesar de los resultados prometedores, la replicación no sería factible debido a la falta de detalles de las prácticas realizadas. Cabe destacar que no hubo homogeneidad en la elección de los modelos de intervención. Por último, se señaló que no está clara la especificidad dirigida a la adopción en las intervenciones analizadas. (AU)

Encanto: a família e a abordagem do médico de família e comunidade / Encanto: the family and the family physician's approach / Encanto: la familia y el abordaje del médico familiar y comunitario

Encanto é uma animação de 2021 dos estúdios Disney. Retrata a história de uma família multigeracional que divide o mesmo domicílio, habitante de uma aldeia nas montanhas da Colômbia remota. A orientação familiar é atributo da Atenção Primária à Saúde e a abordagem familiar é competência do médico de família e comunidade. Esta resenha propôs-se a analisar os elementos de abordagem e terapia familiar presentes em Encanto, com base no Modelo em Quatro Etapas de Salvador Minuchin. A audiência do filme possibilita ao médico de família identificar padrões e transações familiares disfuncionais, além de elementos de terapia familiar, por isso ele pode ser útil como material de formação em abordagem familiar. Também pode ser usado como ferramenta de "cinematerapia" com as famílias que estão em acompanhamento na Atenção Primária por problemas semelhantes aos da trama.

Encanto is a 2021 animation from Disney studios. It portrays the story of a multigenerational family who share the same home, inhabitants of a village in the mountains of remote Colombia. Family centeredness is an attribute of Primary Health Care, and the family approach is the competence of the Family Physician. This review proposes to analyze the elements of approach and family therapy present in Encanto, based on Salvador Minuchin's Four-Step Model. The film's audience enables the Family Physician to identify dysfunctional family patterns and transactions, in addition to elements of family therapy, which is why it can be useful as training material in family approach. It can also be used as a "Cinematherapy" tool with families who are being monitored in Primary Care for problems similar to those in the plot.

Encanto es una animación de 2021 de los estudios Disney. Retrata la historia de una familia multigeneracional, que comparte el mismo hogar, habitantes de un pueblo en las montañas de Colombia remota. La orientación familiar es un atributo de la Atención Primaria de Salud y el abordaje familiar es competencia del Médico Familiar y Comunitario. Esta reseña propone analizar los elementos de abordaje y terapia familiar presentes en Encanto, a partir del Modelo de los Cuatro Pasos de Salvador Minuchin. La audiencia de la película permite al Médico de Familia identificar patrones y transacciones familiares disfuncionales, además de elementos de terapia familiar, por lo que puede ser útil como material de formación en el abordaje familiar. También se puede utilizar como herramienta de "Cineterapia" con familias que estén siendo seguidas en Atención Primaria por problemas similares a los de la trama.

Tipologías familiares, amor y crianza humanizada: el reto de la subjetividad familiar / Family typologies, love and humanized upbringing: the challenge of family subjectivity

El presente artículo da cuenta de una reflexión que vincula tres categorías principales: tipologías familiares, amor y crianza humanizada, en el marco de la subjetividad familiar, entendida esta, como reto y tarea inacabada. La metodología para la construcción de este artículo de reflexión no derivado de investigación incluyó las reflexiones críticas, que, en triangulación con fuentes bibliográficas, ambos autores realizaron durante los encuentros académicos llevados a cabo en el marco del curso Trabajo de grado II de la Especialización en Terapia Familiar de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó. Los hallazgos apuntan a repensar la crianza humanizada vinculada a cualquier tipología familiar, ya que se entiende el amor como posible sello universal para la misma. Se concluye, que el ejercicio de la crianza ha de ser impartido desde los mismos criterios de amor, escucha, comprensión, límites y seguridad, independiente de la tipología familiar de la que se trate, para ir mitigando, además, los imaginarios de una sociedad que, en términos generales e históricos, ha tenido como modelo a la familia nuclear.

This article reports a reflection that links three main categories: family typologies, love and humanized upbringing, within the framework of family subjectivity, understood as a challenge and unfinished task. The methodology for the construction of this article of reflection not derived from research, included the critical reflections that, in triangulation with bibliographic sources, both authors made during the academic meetings carried out in the framework of the course Degree Work II of the Specialization in Family Therapy of the Catholic University Luis Amigó. The findings point to rethink humanized parenting linked to any family typology, since love is understood as a possible universal seal for it. It is concluded that the exercise of parenting must be imparted from the same criteria of love, listening, understanding, limits and security, regardless of the family typology in question, in order to mitigate, in addition, the imaginaries of a society that, in general and historical terms, has had the nuclear family as a model.

Análise da abordagem familiar na perspectiva de implementação da prática no cenário da Residência de Medicina de Família e Comunidade do município de João Pessoa, PB / Analysis of the family approach through the implementation of this practice in the setting of the Family and Community Medicine Residency in the city of João Pessoa-PB

Objetivo: Analisar analisar de que modo a abordagem familiar está inserida no cenário da Residência de Medicina de Família e Comunidade do município de João Pessoa-, PB. Metodologia: Tratatrata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória qualitativa com uma amostra composta por residentes do segundo ano da especialização pertencentes a 4 quatro instituições de ensino do município. Os dados foram coletados por meio de roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados através da Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Foram foram entrevistados 08 oito residentes com faixa etária entre 26 e 43 anos, formados entre os anos de 2012 e 2019. Observou-se que os residentes entendem a importância da abordagem familiar para uma assistência integral a à saúde dos usuários. Em sua totalidade concordam que é uma competência fundamental para a formação do médico de família, entretanto, 75% deles consideram seus conhecimentos e habilidades em abordar as famílias baixos ou medianos. Conclusão: A a análise das entrevistas evidenciou a baixa utilização da abordagem familiar nos processos de trabalho das equipes saúde da família. Na perspectiva de implementação da prática da abordagem familiar, foram sugeridas mudanças estratégicas tanto para atividades teóricas quanto para o campo da prática.

Objective: To analyze how the family approach operates within the setting of the Family and Community Medicine Residency in the city of João Pessoa-PB. Methodology: This is qualitative exploratory research with a sample composed of residents in their second year of specialization belonging to four educational institutions in the city. Data was collected through direct interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using the Content Analysis Technique. Results: Eight residents aged between 26 and 43 years old, who graduated between 2012 and 2019, were interviewed. It was observed that residents understand the importance of the family approach to comprehensive care for users' health. In their entirety, they agree that it is a fundamental competence for the formation of family doctors. However, 75% of them believe they have low or average knowledge and skills for approaching families. The analysis of the interviews showed low use of the family approach in the work processes of the family health teams. From the perspective of implementing the practice of the family approach, strategic changes were suggested both for theoretical activities and for the field of practice.

Ethical issues, family systems and analytical training.

This paper proposes a relationship between family problems and the issues of an analytical training group from the point of view of systems theory and analytical psychology. It also explores some ethical problems that are common to families and to training groups.

Cet article établit une relation entre les problèmes familiaux et les questions survenant dans les groupes de formation analytique, du point de vue de la théorie systémique et de la psychologie analytique. Il explore également quelques problèmes éthiques qui sont communs aux familles et aux groupes de formations.

El presente trabajo establece una relación entre problemas familiares y cuestiones grupales en la formación analítica, desde la perspectiva de la psicología analítica y de la teoría en sistemas familiares. También explora algunos problemas éticos que son comunes a las familias y a los grupos de formación.

Este artigo faz uma relação entre problemas familiares e questões de grupo de treinamento analítico, do ponto de vista da teoria dos sistemas e da psicologia analítica. Também explora alguns problemas éticos que são comuns às famílias e aos grupos de treinamento.

Treatment efficacy of multiple family therapy in helping Chinese children of depressed parents in Hong Kong, China.

This article reports results of a study that assessed the efficacy of multiple family therapy (MFT) for helping children of depressed parent(s), using a quasi-randomized controlled trial design. In total, 76 children participated in the study, with 51 children were assigned to the experimental group (EG) and 25 to the comparison group (CG). The EG children and their parents completed the three-month MFT program, while the CG children and their parents attended two psychoeducational talks scheduled at the same time as the MFT. A group × Time repeated measure ANCOVA did not discern the intervention types having any effect on children's lives in the post-treatment phase or at the three-month follow-up. However, the MFT brought some promising positive changes in the EG children's perceived social support, both overall and that from the father and other family members at three-month follow-up; compared to the CG children, the EG children also attached more importance to the support from their mothers in the post-treatment phase and that from other family members at the three-month follow-up. The results implied the potential efficacy of the MFT in facilitating an increase in the overall social support of children of depressed parents and their positive interactions with both the healthy and the depressed parent and other family members. Owing to multiple statistical limitations, caution is required while interpreting the results. A larger sample and a more sophisticated research design were suggested for future studies examining the efficacy and therapeutic mechanism of the MFT.

En este artículo se informan los resultados de un estudio que evaluó la eficacia de la terapia familiar múltiple (TFM) para ayudar a hijos de padres deprimidos usando un diseño de ensayo controlado cuasialeatorizado. En total, participaron 76 niños en el estudio, con 51 niños asignados al grupo experimental y 25 al grupo comparativo. Los niños del grupo experimental y sus padres completaron el programa de TFM de tres meses, mientras que los niños del grupo comparativo y sus padres asistieron a dos charlas psicoeducativas programadas al mismo tiempo que la TFM. Un ANCOVA de medidas estandarizadas de grupo × tiempo no percibió que los tipos de intervención tuvieran ningún efecto en las vidas de los niños en la fase posterior al tratamiento ni tres meses después. Sin embargo, la TFM trajo algunos cambios positivos prometedores en el apoyo social percibido por los niños del grupo experimental, tanto en general como en el padre y otros familiares en el seguimiento de los tres meses. En comparación con los niños del grupo comparativo, los niños del grupo experimental también dieron más importancia al apoyo de sus madres en la fase posterior al tratamiento y al de otros familiares en el seguimiento de los tres meses. Los resultados indicaron la posible eficacia de la TFM a la hora de facilitar un aumento en el apoyo social general de los niños de padres deprimidos y sus interacciones positivas con el padre sano y el padre deprimido y otros familiares. Debido a las múltiples limitaciones estadísticas, es necesario interpretar los resultados con cuidado. Se sugirió una muestra más grande y un diseño de investigación más sofisticado para futuros estudios que analicen la eficacia y el mecanismo terapéutico de la TFM.

Demonstrating Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth with Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior: A Case Study.

Suicide is a growing public health issue among adolescents. While the majority of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth are healthy, many experience suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB). Due to discrimination and stigma, TGD youth attempt suicide at higher rates then heterosexual, cisgender and even cisgender, LGBQ youth. Despite this vulnerability to suicide, few treatments have been developed and tested for this population. One treatment, attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) has been adapted to work with LGBQ youth and may be promising for TGD adolescents at risk for suicide. This article provides an overview of our ABFT modifications for TGD youth with thoughts of suicide. Specifically, we illustrate how treatment outcomes, in a single case study, relate to processes within clinical treatment tasks. The case study demonstrates the application of these ABFT modifications with a self-identified, gender nonconforming adolescent (who had recently attempted suicide) and his caregivers. Treatment evaluation measures were collected over the course of 24 weeks to illustrate the youth's clinical progress. The youth's suicidal symptoms diminished markedly by the end of treatment. Further, the family reported an increased ability for problem solving and more open communication by treatment conclusion.

El suicidio es un problema de salud pública cada vez mayor entre los adolescentes. Si bien la mayoría de los jóvenes transgénero y de géneros diversos (TGD) son saludables, muchos tienen pensamientos y conductas suicidas. Debido a la discriminación y al estigma, los índices de intento de suicidio en los jóvenes TGD son más altos que en los jóvenes heterosexuales, cisgénero e incluso LGBQ cisgénero. A pesar de esta vulnerabilidad al suicidio, se han desarrollado y se han evaluado pocos tratamientos para esta población. Un tratamiento, la terapia familiar basada en el apego (TFBA), se ha adaptado para trabajar con jóvenes LGBQ y puede ser prometedor para adolescentes TGD en riesgo de suicidio. Este artículo ofrece un resumen de nuestras modificaciones a la TFBA para los jóvenes TGD con pensamientos de suicidio. Específicamente, ilustramos cómo los resultados del tratamiento, en un solo caso práctico, se relacionan con los procesos dentro de las tareas del tratamiento clínico. El caso práctico demuestra la aplicación de estas modificaciones de la TFBA con un adolescente que se identificó como de género no conforme (y que recientemente había intentado suicidarse) y sus cuidadores. Se recopilaron las valoraciones de una evaluación del tratamiento durante el transcurso de 24 semanas para ilustrar el avance clínico del joven. Los síntomas de suicidio del joven disminuyeron notablemente al final del tratamiento. Además, la familia informó una mayor capacidad para resolver problemas y una comunicación más abierta al concluir el tratamiento.

Therapist Adherence to Two Treatments for Adolescent Suicide Risk: Association to Outcomes and Role of Therapeutic Alliance.

In psychotherapy research, adherence refers to the extent to which therapists deliver a treatment as intended. This study examined whether therapist adherence to two different manualized treatments was associated with improved client outcomes and whether the association was moderated by therapeutic alliance. The study sample included 320 video recordings of therapy sessions from 118 cases in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) with family-enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (FE-NST). Recordings were selected from early, middle, and late stages of treatment. The adherence measure consisted of 24 items representing essential therapist interventions from both treatments. Trained raters coded tapes from both therapies. Adolescent self-report of alliance was measured at session 4. Adherence to ABFT was associated with a significant increase in family cohesion at mid-treatment but not at posttreatment. Adherence to FE-NST was significantly associated with an increase in suicide ideation posttreatment. Using therapeutic alliance as a moderator, adherence to ABFT was significantly associated with a reduction in suicide ideation, family conflict, and higher client satisfaction posttreatment. Alliance did not positively affect the association of FE-NST adherence to outcomes. Findings suggest that adherence to ABFT interventions may be better linked to treatment outcomes when adolescents feel a strong alliance with their therapist. Implications for future research and therapist training are explored.

En la investigación sobre psicoterapia, la adhesión se refiere al grado en el cual los terapeutas brindan un tratamiento según lo previsto. Este estudio analizó si la adhesión del terapeuta a dos tratamientos estandarizados diferentes estuvo asociada con mejores resultados en los pacientes y si la asociación estuvo moderada por la alianza terapéutica. La muestra del estudio incluyó 320 videograbaciones de sesiones de terapia de 118 casos en un ensayo aleatorizado controlado donde se comparó la terapia familiar basada en el apego (TFBA) con la terapia de apoyo no directiva optimizada por la familia (TAND-OF). Se eligieron grabaciones de las etapas iniciales, intermedias y finales del tratamiento. El instrumento de medición de la adhesión consistió en 24 ítems que representaban intervenciones esenciales del terapeuta de ambos tratamientos. Un grupo de calificadores capacitados codificaron las grabaciones de ambas terapias. El autoinforme de alianza de los adolescentes se midió en la cuarta sesión. La adhesión a la TFBA estuvo asociada con un aumento considerable de la cohesión familiar en la mitad del tratamiento, pero no después del tratamiento. La adhesión a la TAND-OF estuvo asociada considerablemente con un aumento de la ideación suicida después del tratamiento. Utilizando la alianza terapéutica como moderadora, la adhesión a la TFBA estuvo asociada considerablemente con una reducción de la ideación suicida, el conflicto familiar y una mayor satisfacción del paciente después del tratamiento. La alianza no afectó positivamente la asociación de la adhesión a la TAND-OF con los resultados. Los resultados sugieren que la adhesión a las intervenciones de TFBA puede asociarse mejor con los resultados del tratamiento cuando los adolescentes sienten una alianza fuerte con su terapeuta. Se analizan las implicancias para futuras investigaciones y para la capacitación de los terapeutas.

The COVID-19 Pandemic's Influence on Family Systems Therapists' Provision of Teletherapy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered life globally like no other event in modern history, and psychological service changes to meet the resultant impacts on families have not been assessed in the empirical literature. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether family systems therapists increased their teletherapy use during the pandemic relative to prepandemic usage, and whether projected postpandemic rates would remain at the same level; further, environmental and demographic predictors of these changes were examined. In May 2020, a sample of 626 family systems therapists (58.6% women, 40.6% men; M = 57.4 years old; M years in practice = 25.5) completed a national online study assessing these variables. Results suggested that family systems therapists performed 7.92% of their clinical work using teletherapy before the pandemic and 88.17% during the pandemic. They also projected that they would perform 36.57% of their clinical work using teletherapy after the pandemic. Teletherapy uptake was unrelated to primary practice setting, provider age, gender, race/ethnicity, and practice location (urban/suburban vs. rural) but was higher for family systems therapists who reported increased supportive teletherapy policies and training in their practice setting. Organizational infrastructure and availability of training played an important role in influencing teletherapy uptake during the pandemic. Family systems therapists have a unique opportunity to deploy teletherapy modalities to meet the needs of families during the COVID-19 pandemic, and infrastructure and training to do so may facilitate that work.

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha alterado la vida a nivel mundial como ningún otro acontecimiento de la historia moderna, y los cambios en el servicio psicológico para atender los efectos resultantes en las familias no se han evaluado en las publicaciones empíricas. El propósito del presente estudio fue analizar si los terapeutas de sistemas familiares aumentaron el uso de la teleterapia durante la pandemia en comparación con el uso previo a la pandemia, y si los índices previstos para después de la pandemia se mantendrían al mismo nivel. Además, se analizaron los predictores ambientales y demográficos de estos cambios. En mayo de 2020, una muestra de 626 terapeutas de sistemas familiares (el 58.6 % mujeres, el 40.6 % hombres, edad promedio=57.4 años; promedio de años en ejercicio de la profesión= 25.5) completó un estudio nacional en línea que evaluaba estas variables. Los resultados sugirieron que los terapeutas de sistemas familiares realizaron el 7.92 % de su trabajo clínico usando teleterapia antes de la pandemia y el 88.17 % durante la pandemia. También pronosticaron que harían un 36.57 % de su trabajo clínico usando teleterapia después de la pandemia. La adopción de la teleterapia no estuvo relacionada con el ámbito de práctica principal, ni con la edad, el género, la raza o la etnia de los profesionales, ni tampoco con el lugar de práctica (urbano o suburbano frente a rural), pero fue mayor entre los terapeutas de sistemas familiares que informaron un aumento de las políticas de apoyo de la teleterapia y de la capacitación en su ámbito de práctica. La infraestructura organizacional y la disponibilidad de capacitación jugaron un papel importante a la hora de influir en la adopción de la teleterapia durante la pandemia. Los terapeutas de sistemas familiares tienen una oportunidad única de implementar modalidades de teleterapia para atender las necesidades de las familias durante la pandemia de la COVID-19, y la infraestructura y la capacitación para hacerlo pueden facilitar ese trabajo.

Toward a broader understanding of split alliances in family therapy: Adding the therapist to the mix.

To broaden our understanding of a split alliance in family therapy, we investigated the frequencies and correlates of sessions in which therapists, youth, and caregivers reported markedly different perceptions of the alliance. The sample consisted of 156 Spanish families who received Alliance Empowerment Family Therapy (Escudero, Adolescentes y familias en conflicto, 2013) for child maltreatment. Family members and therapists rated the alliance on the SOFTA-s (Friedlander et al., Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2006, 53, 214) after sessions 3, 6, and 9; family members rated their perceptions of treatment progress before sessions 4, 7, and 10. A cluster analysis differentiated sessions with a split adult-youth alliance (27.7%) from a split family-therapist alliance (44.1%), and a balanced alliance (similar ratings across the three perspectives; 28.2%). Client-rated treatment progress was differentially associated with the type of alliance split and the average alliance rating, whereas better posttreatment outcomes (child functioning and family goal attainment) were associated with fewer sessions having either type of split alliance.

Con el fin de ampliar nuestros conocimientos de una alianza dividida en la terapia familiar, investigamos las frecuencias y las correlaciones de las sesiones en las cuales los terapeutas, los jóvenes y los cuidadores informaron percepciones marcadamente diferentes de la alianza. La muestra estuvo formada por 156 familias españolas que recibieron terapia familiar de empoderamiento y alianza (Escudero, 2013) para el maltrato infantil. Los miembros de la familia y los terapeutas calificaron la alianza en el SOATIF-s (Friedlander et al., 2006) después de las sesiones 3, 6 y 9; los familiares calificaron sus percepciones del avance del tratamiento antes de las sesiones 4, 7 y 10. Un análisis de agrupamiento diferenció las sesiones con una alianza dividida entre los adultos y los jóvenes (27.7 %) de una alianza dividida entre la familia y el terapeuta (44.1 %) y una alianza equilibrada (calificaciones similares entre las tres perspectivas; 28.2 %). El avance del tratamiento calificado por el paciente estuvo asociado diferencialmente con el tipo de alianza dividida y la calificación promedio de la alianza, mientras que los mejores resultados posteriores al tratamiento (el funcionamiento del niño y el logro de objetivos familiares) estuvieron asociados con menos sesiones que tenían cualquiera de los tipos de alianza dividida.

Perda, luto e resiliência na pandemia de COVID-19: implicações para a prática com famílias / Loss, grief and resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for practice with families

O presente estudo aborda perda, luto e resiliência na pandemia de COVID-19, apresentando considerações sobre a prática sistêmica com famílias. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura nacional e internacional, em que foram sumarizados achados empíricos e recomendações para intervenções clínicas, com base na perspectiva sistêmica, face às demandas emergentes no atual contexto e à noção de experiência coletiva. Foram discutidas as múltiplas perdas associadas à COVID-19, as quais impactam estilos de vida, padrões de comportamento e interação, normas culturais e práticas relativas ao processo de morrer e à morte, aumentando potencialmente o risco de luto complicado, durante e após a pandemia. Enfatizou-se também o desenvolvimento adaptativo em meio às circunstâncias difíceis, com destaque à noção de resiliência familiar e a possíveis formas de promovê-la, incluindo a terapia familiar. Ademais, foram abordadas algumas das particularidades do processo clínico junto a famílias que experienciaram perdas na pandemia, incluindo recursos que podem ser utilizados pelo terapeuta, bem como desafios comumente vivenciados pelos profissionais nesse cenário.

The current study addresses loss, grief, and resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic, presenting implications for systemic practice with families. This is a narrative review of the national (Brazilian) and international literature, in which empirical findings and recommendations for clinical interventions have been summarized, based on a systemic perspective, given the emerging demands in the current scenario and the notion of collective experience. We have discussed the multiple losses associated with COVID-19, which have an impact on lifestyles, patterns of behavior and interaction, and cultural norms and practices related to the process of death and dying, potentially increasing the risk of complicated grieving processes, during and after the outbreak. Adaptive development amid difficult circumstances have also been highlighted, with emphasis on the notion of family resilience and possible ways of promoting it, including family therapy. Furthermore, some of the particularities of the clinical process with families who experienced losses during the pandemic have been addressed, including resources that can be used by the therapist, as well as challenges commonly experienced by professionals in this scenario.

Tackling risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents: PRE-STARt study in Euskadi.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity in the child population and its effect in the development of metabolic diseases are a public health issue. One of the aims of the European Project in a health system, is the evaluation of the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary health promotion program directed at adolescents with risk factors associated with the development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Randomised clinical trial with two groups of 12-14 year-old overweight adolescents. The intervention group took part in a multidisciplinary program for 24 months. This program was based on 11 group sessions (8 main sessions and 3 additional support ones) for adolescents and their guardians. The control group received usual care at primary care level. Longitudinal regression models were adjusted to assess the evolution of anthropometric measures and living habits at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months in both groups. RESULTS: There were 92 participants, equally distributed by group. Statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control groups in several results: evolution of the body mass index; increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables; decrease in the consumption of snacks and sweetened drinks; and increase in the number of days per week with more than one hour of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the effectiveness of this multidisciplinary program, both in the evolution of the body mass index, and in the improvement of the eating and physical activity habits, all of them risk factors for the future development of metabolic diseases, such as T2DM.

Reflexiones sobre la alianza terapéutica en adolescentes con anorexia nerviosa y sus familias / Reflections on the therapeutic alliance in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their families

La alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa constituye un desafío debido a la gravedad de muchos de estos pacientes, a la falta de conciencia de enfermedad que poseen y a la resistencia al cambio, tanto del paciente como de sus familias. Frecuentemente, existe un desconocimiento por parte de los equipos médicos, de dicha patología y de su manejo. Diversos autores han aportado elementos necesarios para una adecuada alianza terapéutica y proponen estrategias que faciliten la construcción de esta alianza. En este artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de las observaciones ofrecidas por varios autores, desde donde se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de la alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa y sus familias.

The therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa constitutes a challenge due to several factors such as the severity of the illness that most of these patients suffer, their lack of awareness of disease, and the resistance to change in the patient and their family. Medical teams are frequently ignorant of this pathology and its treatment. Various authors have contributed in terms of the necessary elements for an adequate therapeutic alliance and in terms of delivering strategies to facilitate this alliance. In this article we will review several authors and reflect on the importance of the therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa and their families.

Implementing Open Dialogue approaches: A scoping review.

Open Dialogue approaches fall broadly into the area of systemic psychotherapeutic practices. They encourage active participation of families and social networks, and emphasize genuine collaboration within highly integrated systems of health-care service delivery. These approaches are currently being implemented in a growing number of services across the globe, and in this review, we summarize and discuss insights from papers concerned with the implementation of Open Dialogue. We used a scoping review method, which included systematic literature searches and summarizing data extraction as well as consultation with eight Open Dialogue implementation stakeholders who were invited to comment on preliminary review findings and a draft paper. We included 18 studies in the review and present their content under four thematic headings: 1. Training, 2. Family and network experiences, 3. Staff members' experiences, and 4. Structural and organizational barriers and resistance to implementation. In general, the studies did not include rich descriptions of the implementation contexts, which made it difficult to draw conclusions across studies about effective implementation practices. The discussion draws on Jamous and Peloille's (Professions and professionalisation, 1970, Cambridge University Press, 109-152) concepts of "indeterminacy" and "technicality," and we argue that the indeterminacy that dominates Open Dialogue is a challenge to implementation efforts that favor specific and standardized practices. We conclude by encouraging the development of implementation initiatives that theorize Open Dialogue practices with higher levels of technicality without corrupting the fundamental spirit of the approach.

Los métodos de diálogo abierto (Open Dialogue) pertenecen ampliamente al área de las prácticas psicoterapéuticas sistémicas. Estos fomentan la participación activa de las familias y los contactos sociales, y enfatizan la colaboración genuina dentro de los sistemas sumamente integrados de prestación de servicios de asistencia sanitaria. Estos métodos se están implementando actualmente en un número cada vez mayor de servicios en todo el mundo y, en esta revisión, resumimos y debatimos los conocimientos obtenidos de artículos relativos a la implementación del diálogo abierto. Utilizamos un método de revisión exploratoria, que incluyó búsquedas sistemáticas de publicaciones y resúmenes de extracción de datos, así como consultas con ocho partes interesadas en la implementación del diálogo abierto, a quienes se las invitó a comentar sobre los resultados preliminares de la revisión y sobre un borrador del artículo. Incluimos 18 estudios en la revisión y presentamos su contenido en cuatro títulos temáticos: 1. Capacitación, 2. La familia y las experiencias de contacto social, 3. Las experiencias de los miembros del personal, y 4. Los obstáculos estructurales y organizativos y la resistencia a la implementación. En general, los estudios no incluyeron descripciones valiosas de los contextos de implementación, lo cual dificultó la posibilidad de sacar conclusiones entre los estudios con respecto a las prácticas eficaces de implementación. En el debate se utilizan los conceptos de "indeterminación" y "tecnicidad" de Jamous y Peloille's (1970), y argumentamos que la indeterminación que domina el diálogo abierto supone un desafío para los esfuerzos de implementación que favorecen prácticas específicas y estandarizadas. Finalizamos fomentando el desarrollo de iniciativas de implementación que teorizan las prácticas de diálogo abierto con niveles más altos de tecnicidad sin alterar el espíritu fundamental del método.

Case Examples and Process-Oriented Questions in Teletherapy with Couples and Families.

This paper shares learned experiences in teletherapy (also called tele-mental-health, remote video therapy, and virtual therapy) with couples and families. It aims to enhance teletherapy practice with couples and families by providing tools for screening and coaching. The paper describes common pitfalls in teletherapy with couples and families and how to avoid or address them, describes the opportunities for added insight when engaging couples and families in teletherapy from their homes, provides concrete interventions in the form of process-focused questions which therapists can draw from, and provides case examples. The case examples and process-oriented questions focus on four areas: screening, logistical coaching of technology, using the family's meeting place to learn about the family, and avoiding pitfalls.

En este artículo se comparten experiencias aprendidas en la teleterapia (también llamada telesalud mental, videoterapia a distancia y terapia virtual) con parejas y familias. Tiene como finalidad mejorar la práctica de la teleterapia con las parejas y las familias proporcionando herramientas para evaluar y orientar. El artículo describe las dificultades comunes en la teleterapia con parejas y familias, y cómo evitarlas o abordarlas; describe las oportunidades de sumar percepciones cuando se hace participar a las parejas y a las familias en teleterapia desde sus hogares; proporciona intervenciones concretas en forma de preguntas centradas en el proceso de las cuales los terapeutas pueden valerse; y ofrece estudios de casos. Estos estudios de casos y preguntas orientadas al proceso se centran en cuatro áreas: evaluación, instrucción logística sobre la tecnología, uso del espacio de reunión de la familia para conocer a la familia, y prevención de inconvenientes.

Effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy in a Non-Western Context: Findings from a Randomized-Controlled Evaluation of Youth Offenders in Singapore.

This study is the first to evaluate Functional Family Therapy (FFT) in a non-Western culture. The effectiveness of FFT was examined in relation to three proximal outcomes relevant to youth offender rehabilitation: (i) mental well-being, (ii) family functioning, and (iii) probation completion. 120 youth probationers (Mage = 16.2, SD = 1.33) were randomly assigned to receive either standard probation services-Treatment-As-Usual (TAU; n = 57)-or FFT in addition to TAU (FFT; n = 63). Data on psychometric measures of mental well-being and family functioning were obtained at (i) preprogram, (ii) postprogram, and (iii) at the end of probation. Probation completion data were obtained from casefile records. Mean mental well-being scores of the FFT group improved from pre- to post-treatment, and gains were maintained at follow-up. However, there was a nonsignificant trend for the FFT group showing higher rates of reliable change and clinical recovery on the mental well-being scale. There were no group differences in family functioning scores over time. However, there was a significant trend for the FFT group showing higher rates of reliable change and clinical recovery on the family functioning scale. Probation completion rates were 88.9% and 70.2% for the FFT and TAU groups, respectively. Youth in the FFT group were significantly more likely to complete probation successfully. The results support FFT's effectiveness in Singaporean youth offenders. At a broader level, the study findings support the cross-cultural effectiveness of FFT in, and transportability to, a non-Western culture.

Este estudio es el primero en evaluar la Terapia Familiar Funcional (TFF) en una cultura no occidental. Se analizó la eficacia de la TFF en relación con tres resultados proximales relevantes para la rehabilitación de los delincuentes juveniles: (i) bienestar mental, (ii) funcionamiento familiar y (iii) término de la libertad condicional. Se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 120 jóvenes en libertad condicional (Edad Promedio = 16.2, Desviación Típica= 1.33) para recibir servicios de libertad condicional estándar-tratamiento habitual (TH; n = 57)-o TFF además del TH (TFF; n = 63). Se obtuvieron datos sobre las medidas psicométricas de bienestar mental y funcionamiento familiar en los siguientes momentos (i) antes del programa, (ii) después del programa y (iii) al final de la libertad condicional. Se obtuvieron datos del término de la libertad condicional de los expedientes judiciales. Los puntajes del bienestar mental promedio del grupo de TFF mejoraron desde antes a después del tratamiento, y se mantuvieron los avances en el seguimiento. Sin embargo, hubo una tendencia no significativa en el grupo de TFF que indicó índices más altos de cambio fiable y recuperación clínica en la escala de bienestar mental. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en los puntajes de funcionamiento familiar en el transcurso del tiempo. Sin embargo, hubo una tendencia significativa en el grupo de TFF que indicó índices más altos de cambio fiable y recuperación clínica en la escala de funcionamiento familiar. Los índices de término de la libertad condicional fueron 88.9 % y 70.2 % en los grupos de TFF y de TH respectivamente. Los jóvenes del grupo de TFF fueron considerablemente más propensos a terminar la libertad condicional satisfactoriamente. Los resultados respaldan la eficacia de la TFF entre los delincuentes juveniles singapurenses. A nivel general, los resultados del estudio respaldan la eficacia intercultural de la TFF en una cultura no occidental y la transportabilidad hacia ella.

Representation of Diverse Populations in Couple and Family Therapy Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review of Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, Age, and Income in the United States from 2014 to 2019.

Disparities in mental health care among marginalized populations have been well-documented. Without research designed to study interventions for diverse populations, disparities in the quality of services will persist. A systematic review of articles evaluating couple and family therapy (CFT) interventions was conducted to evaluate the representation of diverse populations. More specifically, researchers sought to examine race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, income level, and age of sample participants. One hundred ninety-six studies evaluating CFT interventions in the United States in ten journals were included in the analysis. Findings indicate that family therapy research is more representative of racial minority and low-income participants compared with studies of couple interventions. Couple therapy research is often still conducted with predominately white, middle- to high-income samples. Following whites, African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos were the most common racial/ethnic groups included in both couple therapy research and family therapy research. Participants in same-sex relationships were absent from family intervention research and under-researched in couple intervention studies. Only one couple therapy study recruited a sample in which the average age was late adulthood. These findings are cause for concern given the widening mental health disparities in the United States.

Las desigualdades en la atención para la salud mental entre poblaciones marginadas están muy bien documentadas. Si no se diseñan investigaciones para estudiar intervenciones orientadas a poblaciones diversas, las desigualdades en la calidad de los servicios y en los resultados de los tratamientos seguirán existiendo. Se realizó un análisis sistemático de artículos que evaluaban las intervenciones de la terapia familiar y de pareja para evaluar la representación de poblaciones diversas. Más específicamente, los investigadores intentaron analizar la raza/etnia, la orientación sexual, el nivel de ingresos y la edad de los participantes de la muestra. Se incluyeron en el análisis ciento noventa y seis estudios que evaluaban las intervenciones de la terapia familiar y de pareja en los Estados Unidos en diez revistas médicas. Los resultados indican que la investigación sobre terapia familiar es más representativa de la minoría racial y de los participantes de bajos recursos en comparación con los estudios de intervenciones para las parejas. La investigación sobre terapia de pareja generalmente se sigue realizando con muestras predominantemente blancas, de ingresos medios y altos. Después de los blancos, los afroestadounidenses y los hispanos/latinos fueron los grupos raciales/étnicos más comunes incluidos tanto en la investigación sobre terapia familiar como en la de pareja. Los participantes de relaciones del mismo sexo estuvieron ausentes en las investigaciones sobre intervenciones familiares y se investigaron poco en los estudios sobre intervenciones para parejas. Solo un estudio sobre terapia de pareja reunió una muestra en la cual la edad promedio fue la edad adulta tardía. Estos resultados son motivo de preocupación teniendo en cuenta las desigualdades crecientes en el ámbito de la salud mental en los Estados Unidos.

Developing Reflexivity through Group Processes in Psychotherapy Training: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Systemic Family Therapy Trainees' Experience.

Constructionist approaches in the field of systemic family therapy prioritize reflexivity to promote personal development within training, often leaning on group processes. Drawing from a qualitative study we conducted to address the lack of related research, we present how systemic family therapy trainees experience reflexivity development through group processes. Ten systemic family therapy trainees participated in semi-structured interviews, transcribed and analyzed with interpretative phenomenological analysis. Analysis presented here reports three superordinate themes: Developing reflexivity through challenges and rewards, A conditional reflexive space within the training group, and Encountering the dynamics of identity via reflexive group processes. Our findings suggest that trainees experience reflexivity development as a complex relational process of personal development, highlighting the training group's critical role, nonetheless depending on certain preconditions. The importance of further exploring group processes' potential for reflexivity development in psychotherapy training is underscored.

Lo enfoques construccionistas en el ámbito de la terapia familiar sistémica priorizan la reflexividad para promover el desarrollo personal dentro de la capacitación, generalmente apoyándose en procesos grupales. Valiéndonos de un estudio cualitativo que realizamos para abordar la falta de investigaciones relacionadas, presentamos la manera en la que los practicantes de la terapia familiar sistémica experimentan el desarrollo de la reflexividad mediante procesos grupales. Diez practicantes de terapia familiar sistémica participaron en entrevistas semiestructuradas, transcriptas y analizadas con el análisis fenomenológico interpretativo. Los análisis presentados aquí informan tres temas superordinados: el desarrollo de la reflexividad mediante desafíos y recompensas, un espacio reflexivo condicional dentro del grupo de capacitación, el encuentro de la dinámica de identidad mediante procesos grupales reflexivos. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los practicantes experimentan el desarrollo de la reflexividad como un proceso complejo de desarrollo personal relacional que destaca el papel fundamental del grupo de capacitación, pero que depende de ciertas precondiciones. Se subraya la importancia de analizar con mayor profundidad la posibilidad de desarrollo de la reflexividad en los procesos grupales durante la capacitación en psicoterapia.